NOTE: Biological treatment and control of Legionella and other potentially health-threatening bacteria is essential. Consult a competent water treatment expert or service company.
| pH |
6.5 to 9.0 (special materials may be required beyond these limits) |
| Temperature |
125° F (51.7° C) maximum, or up to 180° F (82.2° C) with special materials |
| Langelier Saturation Index |
0.0 to 1.0 recommended; higher allowed if scale is controllable. |
| M-Alkalinity |
100 to 500 ppm as CaCO3 |
| Silica |
150 ppm as SiO2 maximum (scale formation) |
| Iron |
3 ppm maximum (staining and scale contributor) |
| Manganese |
0.1 ppm maximum (staining and scale contributor) |
| Sulfides |
Greater than 1 ppm can be corrosive to copper alloys, iron, steel, and galvanized steel. See table below for limits with film fill. |
| Ammonia |
50 ppm maximum if copper alloys present; lower limits apply for film fill - see table. |
| Chlorine / bromine |
2 ppm free residual intermittently (shock), or 1 ppm continuously maximum. Excess can
attack sealants, accelerate corrosion, increase drift, and embrittle PVC. |
| Organic solvents |
These can attack plastics and promote bio-growth. Trace amounts may be
acceptable, depending on the solvent. |
| TDS |
Over 5000 ppm can affect thermal performance and be detrimental to wood in
alternately wet/dry zones such as fan deck and louver face. |
| Individual Ions |
MAXIMUM |
| Cations |
Calcium |
800 ppm as CaCO3 , (300 ppm with MX75 fill in arid climate) |
| Magnesium |
Depends on pH and Silica level |
| Sodium |
No limit |
| Anions |
Chlorides |
450 ppm as Cl- (300 for galvanized towers) upgrades are required for higher chloride levels. |
| Sulfates |
800 ppm as CaCO3 |
| Nitrates |
300 ppm as NO3 (bacteria nutrient) |
| Carbonates/Bicarbonates |
300 ppm as CaCO3 maximum preferred for wood |
Bacteria counts listed below relate to maintaining fill thermal efficiency only. Biocidal treatment is required for all cooling tower installations. (see NOTE above).
| Fill Type |
Aerobic Bacteria Heterotrophic Plate Count |
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) |
Oil and Grease |
Sulfides |
Ammonia |
| DF121 |
1,000 CFU/ml |
10 ppm |
0.2 ppm |
0.1 ppm |
2 ppm |
| MC75 |
10,000 CFU/ml |
50 ppm |
1 ppm |
0.5 ppm |
10 ppm |
| FB20, SNCS (‘Coolfilm’), MX75 (crossflow), ClearFlow Modules |
100,000 CFU/ml |
50 ppm |
1 ppm |
1.0 ppm |
15 ppm |
| 10,000 CFU/ml |
150 ppm |
| DF254, MCR16, MCR12 |
100,000 CFU/ml |
150 ppm |
5 ppm |
1.5 ppm |
25 ppm |
| FC18, DF381 with 1' MC75 overlay |
1,000,000 CFU/ml |
50 ppm |
5 ppm |
1.5 ppm |
25 ppm |
| 100,000 CFU/ml |
150 ppm |
| DF381, Tricklebloc, AAFNCS (‘Cleanflow’) |
1,000,000 CFU/ml |
250 ppm |
10 ppm |
2.0 ppm |
25 ppm |
| Splash bar or grid fill |
1,000,000 CFU/ml target |
No specific limit |
10 ppm |
N/A |
N/A |
Note: Any amount of oil or grease is likely to adversely affect thermal performance. Sulfides and ammonia promote bacterial growth which can cause fill fouling; conformance to the limits above will assist in controlling bacteria to the recommended levels.
Certain contaminants or treatment chemicals such as surfactants, glycols, biodispersants and antifoams may increase drift rate. When minimizing drift is vital, the circulating water shall have a surface tension of at least 65 dynes/cm and a total organic carbon (TOC) level below 50 ppm. Reclaim or re-use waters in particular may contain contaminants which increase drift rate either directly or by necessitating the use of treatment chemicals which increase drift rate.
Avoid high efficiency fill (MC75) with water containing bacteria nutrients such as alcohols, nitrates, ammonia, fats,
glycols, phosphates, black liquor, or TOC greater than 50 ppm. Clog-resistant fills may be considered for contaminated
water, case by case. For all film fills, avoid fibrous, oily, greasy, fatty, or tarry contaminants, which can plug fill.
In general, do not use film fill in Steel Plants, Pulp & Paper Mills, Food Processing Operations, or similar applications unless
leaks and contamination by airborne or waterborne particulates, oil, or fibers are extremely unlikely. If film fill is used,
biological-growth control must be stringent and diligent.